Paper guide system in a print on demand digital camera system

ABSTRACT

A camera system comprising: an image sensor device for sensing an image; a processing means for processing the sensed image; a print media supply means provided for the storage of a roll of print media for the printing of images; a page width print head molding including a print head for printing the sensed image on print media stored internally in the print media supply means in addition to a series of ink supply chambers for the storage of ink for utilization by the print head; a series of print rollers interconnected in the path between the print media supply means and the page width print head molding for pinching the paper and driving the paper past the print head. Preferably, the number of print rollers is at least 3 and the print rollers apply a decurling twist to the print media. The print rollers are snap fitted to the camera system. Two of the print roller can be mounted on a first chassis which to which the print head molding is also mounted and a third one of the print rollers is mounted on a detachable platten device.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, U.S. patent applications identified by their U.S. patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the U.S. patent applications claim the right of priority.

CROSS-REFERENCED AUSTRALIAN US PATENT/PATENT APPLICATION PROVISIONAL PATENT (CLAIMING RIGHT OF PRIORITY FROM APPLICATION NO. AUSTRAILIAN PROVISIONAL APPLICATION) DOCKET NO. PO7991 09/113,060 ART01 PO8505 09/113,070 ART02 PO7988 09/113,073 ART03 PO9395 09/112,748 ART04 PO8017 09/112,747 ART06 PO8014 09/112,776 ART07 PO8025 09/112,750 ART08 PO8032 09/112,746 ART09 PO7999 09/112,743 ART10 PO7998 09/112,742 ART11 PO8031 09/112,741 ART12 PO8030 09/112,740 ART13 PO7997 09/112,739 ART15 PO7979 09/113,053 ART16 PO8015 09/112,738 ART17 PO7978 09/113,067 ART18 PO7982 09/113,063 ART19 PO7989 09/113,069 ART20 PO8019 09/112,744 ART21 PO7980 09/113,058 ART22 PO8018 09/112,777 ART24 PO7938 09/113,224 ART25 PO8016 09/112,804 ART26 PO8024 09/112,805 ART27 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 09/112,797 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7987 09/113,071 ART32 PO8022 09/112,824 ART33 PO8497 09/113,090 ART34 PO8020 09/112,823 ART38 PO8023 09/113,222 ART39 PO8504 09/112,786 ART42 PO8000 09/113,051 ART43 PO7977 09/112,782 ART44 PO7934 09/113,056 ART45 PO7990 09/113,059 ART46 PO8499 09/113,091 ART47 PO8502 09/112,753 ART48 PO7981 09/113,055 ART50 PO7986 09/113,057 ART51 PO7983 09/113,054 ART52 PO8026 09/112,752 ART53 PO8027 09/112,759 ART54 PO8028 09/112,757 ART56 PO9394 09/112,758 ART57 PO9396 09/113,107 ART58 PO9397 09/112,829 ART59 PO9398 09/112,792 ART60 PO9399 6,106,147 ART61 PO9400 09/112,790 ART62 PO9401 09/112,789 ART63 PO9402 09/112,788 ART64 PO9403 09/112,795 ART65 PO9405 09/112,749 ART66 PP0959 09/112,784 ART68 PP1397 09/112,783 ART69 PP2370 09/112,781 DOT01 PP2371 09/113,052 DOT02 PO8003 09/112,834 F1uid01 PO8005 09/113,103 Fluid02 PO9404 09/113,101 Fluid03 PO8066 09/112,751 IJ01 PO8072 09/112,787 IJ02 PO8040 09/112,802 IJ03 PO8071 09/112,803 IJ04 PO8047 09/113,097 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 09/113,084 IJ07 PO8063 09/113,066 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 09/112,779 IJ10 PO8069 09/113,077 IJ11 PO8049 09/113,061 IJ12 PO8036 09/112,818 IJ13 PO8048 09/112,816 IJ14 PO8070 09/112,772 IJ15 PO8067 09/112,819 IJ16 PO8001 09/112,815 IJ17 PO8038 09/113,096 IJ18 PO8033 09/113,068 IJ19 PO8002 09/113,095 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 09/112,809 IJ22 PO8034 09/112,780 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 09/113,121 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 09/112,756 IJ31 PO9391 09/112,755 IJ32 PP0888 09/112,754 IJ33 PP0891 09/112,811 IJ34 PP0890 09/112,812 IJ35 PP0873 09/112,813 IJ36 PP0993 09/112,814 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 09/112,765 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 09/112,768 IJ41 PP3991 09/112,807 IJ42 PP3987 09/112,806 IJ43 PP3985 09/112,820 IJ44 PP3983 09/112,821 IJ45 PO7935 09/112,822 IJM01 PO7936 09/112,825 IJM02 PO7937 09/112,826 IJM03 PO8061 09/112,827 IJM04 PO8054 09/112,828 IJM05 PO8065 6,071,750 IJM06 PO8055 09/113,108 IJM07 PO8053 09/113,109 IJM08 PO8078 09/113,123 IJM09 PO7933 09/113,114 IJM10 PO7950 09/113,115 IJM11 PO7949 09/113,129 IJM12 PO8060 09/113,124 IJM13 PO8059 09/113,125 IJM14 PO8073 09/113,126 IJM15 PO8076 09/113,119 IJM16 PO8075 09/113,120 IJM17 PO8079 09/113,221 IJM18 PO8050 09/113,116 IJM19 PO8052 09/113,118 IJM20 PO7948 09/113,117 IJM21 PO7951 09/113,113 IJM22 PO8074 09/113,130 IJM23 PO7941 09/113,110 IJM24 PO8077 09/113,112 IJM25 PO8058 09/113,087 IJM26 PO8051 09/113,074 IJM27 PO8045 6,111,754 IJM28 PO7952 09/113,088 IJM29 PO8046 09/112,771 IJM30 PO9390 09/112,769 IJM31 PO9392 09/112,770 IJM32 PP0889 09/112,798 IJM35 PP0887 09/112,801 IJM36 PP0882 09/112,800 IJM37 PP0874 09/112,799 IJM38 PP1396 09/113,098 IJM39 PP3989 09/112,833 IJM40 PP2591 09/112,832 IJM41 PP3990 09/112,831 IJM42 PP3986 09/112,830 IJM43 PP3984 09/112,836 IJM44 PP3982 09/112,835 IJM45 PP0895 09/113,102 IR01 PP0870 09/113,106 IR02 PP0869 09/113,105 IR04 PP0887 09/113,104 IR05 PP0885 09/112,810 IR06 PP0884 09/112,766 IR10 PP0886 09/113,085 IR12 PP0871 09/113,086 IR13 PP0876 09/113,094 IR14 PP0877 09/112,760 IR16 PP0878 09/112,773 IR17 PP0879 09/112,774 IR18 PP0883 09/112,775 IR19 PP0880 09/112,745 IR20 PP0881 09/113,092 IR21 PO8006 6,087,638 MEMS02 PO8007 09/113,093 MEMS03 PO8008 09/113,062 MEMS04 PO8010 6,041,600 MEMS05 PO8011 09/113,082 MEMS06 PO7947 6,067,797 MEMS07 PO7944 09/113,080 MEMS09 PO7946 6,044,646 MEMS10 PO9393 09/113,065 MEMS11 PP0875 09/113,078 MEMS12 PP0894 09/113,075 MEMS13

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates substantially to the concept of a disposable camera having instant printing capabilities and in particular, discloses a paper guide system in a digital camera system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, the concept of a “single use” disposable camera has become an increasingly popular consumer item. Disposable camera systems presently on the market normally include an internal film roll and a simplified gearing mechanism for traversing the film roll across an imaging system including a shutter and lensing system. The user, after utilising a single film roll returns the camera system to a film development centre for processing. The film roll is taken out of the camera system and processed and the prints returned to the user. The camera system is then able to be re-manufactured through the insertion of a new film roll into the camera system, the replacement of any worn or wearable parts and the re-packaging of the camera system in accordance with requirements. In this way, the concept of a single use “disposable” camera is provided to the consumer.

Recently, a camera system has been proposed by the present applicant which provides for a handheld camera device having an internal print head, image sensor and processing means such that images sense by the image sensing means, are processed by the processing means and adapted to be instantly printed out by the printing means on demand. The proposed camera system further discloses a system of internal “print rolls” carrying print media such as film on to which images are to be printed in addition to ink for supplying to the printing means for the printing process. The print roll is further disclosed to be detachable and replaceable within the camera system.

Unfortunately, such a system is likely to only be constructed at a substantial cost and it would be desirable to provide for a more inexpensive form of instant camera system which maintains a substantial number of the quality aspects of the aforementioned arrangement.

It would be further advantageous to provide for the effective interconnection of the sub components of a camera system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide for an effective incorporation of a paper guide mechanism into a camera system.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a camera system comprising: an image sensor device for sensing an image; a processing means for processing the sensed image; a print media supply means provided for the storage of a roll of print media for the printing of images; a page width print head molding including a print head for printing the sensed image on print media stored internally in the print media supply means in addition to a series of ink supply chambers for the storage of ink for utilization by the print head; a series of print rollers interconnected in the path between the print media supply means and the page width print head molding for pinching the paper and driving the paper past the print head.

Preferably, the number of print rollers is at least 3 and the print rollers apply a decurling twist to the print media. The print rollers are snap fitted to the camera system. Two of the print roller can be mounted on a first chassis which to which the print head molding is also mounted and a third one of the print rollers is mounted on a detachable platten device. The third print roller can be inserted between the other two of the print rollers and the platten snap fitted to the chassis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a front perspective view of the assembled camera of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a rear perspective view, partly exploded, of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the chassis of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the chassis illustrating mounting of electric motors;

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a rear perspective view of the assembled form of the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of the assembled form of the ink supply mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the platten unit of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the assembled form of the platten unit;

FIG. 10 is also a perspective view of the assembled form of the platten unit;

FIG. 11 is an exploded perspective view of the printhead recapping mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a close up exploded perspective view of the recapping mechanism of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of the ink supply cartridge of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a close up perspective view, partly in section of the internal portions of the ink supply cartridge in an assembled form;

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of one form of chip layer of the image capture and processing chip of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 16 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 17 illustrates a front exploded perspective view of the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 18 illustrates a perspective view of the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 19 illustrates a perspective view of the assembly process of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 20 is a perspective view illustrating the insertion of the platten unit in the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 21 illustrates the interconnection of the electrical components of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 22 illustrates the process of assembling the preferred embodiment; and

FIG. 23 is a perspective view further illustrating the assembly process of the preferred embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

Turning initially simultaneously to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 there are illustrated perspective views of an assembled camera constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment with FIG. 1 showing a front perspective view and FIG. 2 showing a rear perspective view. The camera 1 includes a paper or plastic film jacket 2 which can include simplified instructions 3 for the operation of the camera system 1. The camera system 1 includes a first “stake” button 4 which is depressed to capture an image. The captured image is output via output slot 6. A further copy of the image can be obtained through depressing a second “printer copy” button 7 whilst an LED light 5 is illuminated. The camera system also provides the usual view finder 8 in addition to a CCD image capture lensing system 9.

The camera system 1 provides for a standard number of output prints after which the camera system 1 ceases to function. A prints left indicator slot 10 is provided to indicate the number of remaining prints. A refund scheme at the point of purchase is assumed to be operational for the return of used camera systems for recycling.

Turning now to FIG. 3, the assembly of the camera system is based around an internal chassis 12 which can be a plastic injection molded part. A pair of paper pinch rollers 28, 29 utilized for decurling are snap fitted into corresponding frame holes eg. 26, 27.

As shown in FIG. 4, the chassis 12 includes a series of mutually opposed prongs eg. 13, 14 into which is snapped fitted a series of electric motors 16, 17. The electric motors 16, 17 can be entirely standard with the motor 16 being of a stepper motor type. The motors 16, 17 include cogs 19, 20 for driving a series of gear wheels. A first set of gear wheels is provided for controlling a paper cutter mechanism and a second set is provided for controlling print roll movement.

Turning next to FIGS. 5 to 7, there is illustrated an ink supply mechanism 40 utilized in the camera system. FIG. 5 illustrates a rear exploded perspective view, FIG. 6 illustrates a rear assembled perspective view and FIG. 7 illustrates a front assembled view. The ink supply mechanism 40 is based around an ink supply cartridge 42 which contains printer ink and a print head mechanism for printing out pictures on demand. The ink supply cartridge 42 includes a side aluminium strip 43 which is provided as a shear strip to assist in cutting images from a paper roll.

A dial mechanism 44 is provided for indicating the number of “prints left”. The dial mechanism 44 is snap fitted through a corresponding mating portion 46 so as to be freely rotatable.

As shown in FIG. 6, the mechanism 40 includes a flexible PCB strip 47 which interconnects with the print head and provides for control of the print head. The interconnection between the Flex PCB strip and an image sensor and print head chip can be via Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) strips 51, 58. A moulded aspherical lens and aperture shim 50 (FIG. 5) is also provided for imaging an image onto the surface of the image sensor chip normally located within cavity 53 and a light box module or hood 52 is provided for snap fitting over the cavity 53 so as to provide for proper light control. A series of decoupling capacitors eg. 34 can also be provided. Further a plug 45 (FIG. 7) is provided for re-plugging ink holes after refilling. A series of guide prongs eg. 55-57 are further provided for guiding the flexible PCB strip 47.

The ink supply mechanism 40 interacts with a platten unit 60 which guides print media under a printhead located in the ink supply mechanism. FIG. 8 shows an exploded view of the platten unit 60, while FIGS. 9 and 10 show assembled views of the platten unit. The platten unit 60 includes a first pinch roller 61 which is snap fitted to one side of a platten base 62. Attached to a second side of the platten base 62 is a cutting mechanism 63 which traverses the platten unit 60 by means of a rod 64 having a screw thread which is rotated by means of cogged wheel 65 which is also fitted to the platten base 62. The screw threaded rod 64 mounts a block 67 which includes a cutting wheel 68 fastened via a fastener 69. Also mounted to the block 67 is a counter actuator which includes a pawl 71. The pawl 71 acts to rotate the dial mechanism 44 of FIG. 6 upon the return traversal of the cutting wheel. As shown previously in FIG. 6, the dial mechanism 44 includes a cogged surface which interacts with pawl 71, thereby maintaining a count of the number of photographs by means of number embossed on the surface of dial mechanism 44. The cutting mechanism 63 is inserted into the platten base 62 by means of a snap fit via clips 74.

The platten unit 60 includes an internal recapping mechanism 80 for recapping the print head when not in use. The recapping mechanism 80 includes a sponge portion 81 and is operated via a solenoid coil so as to provide for recapping of the print head. In the preferred embodiment, there is provided an inexpensive form of printhead re-capping mechanism provided for incorporation into a handheld camera system so as to provide for printhead re-capping of an inkjet printhead.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exploded view of the recapping mechanism whilst FIG. 12 illustrates a close up of the end portion thereof. The re-capping mechanism 80 is structured around a solenoid including a 16 turn coil 75 which can comprise insulated wire. The coil 75 is turned around a first stationery solenoid arm 76 which is mounted on a bottom surface of the platten base 62 (FIG. 8) and includes a post portion 77 to magnify effectiveness of operation. The arm 76 can comprise a ferrous material.

A second moveable arm 78 of the solenoid actuator is also provided. The arm 78 is moveable and is also made of ferrous material. Mounted on the arm is a sponge portion surrounded by an elastomer strip 79. The elastomer strip 79 is of a generally arcuate cross-section and act as a leaf spring against the surface of the printhead ink supply cartridge 42 (FIG. 5) so as to provide for a seal against the surface of the printhead ink supply cartridge 42. In the quiescent position an elastomer spring unit 87, 88 acts to resiliently deform the elastomer seal 79 against the surface of the ink supply unit 42.

When it is desired to operate the printhead unit, upon the insertion of paper, the solenoid coil 75 is activated so as to cause the arm 78 to move down to be adjacent to the end plate 76. The arm 78 is held against end plate 76 while the printhead is printing by means of a small “keeper current” in coil 75. Simulation results indicate that the keeper current can be significantly less than the actuation current. Subsequently, after photo printing, the paper is guillotined by the cutting mechanism 63 of FIG. 8 acting against Aluminium Strip 43, and rewound so as to clear the area of the re-capping mechanism 80. Subsequently, the current is tuned off and springs 87, 88 return the arm 78 so that the elastomer seal is again resting against the printhead ink supply cartridge.

It can be seen that the preferred embodiment provides for a simple and inexpensive means of re-capping a printhead through the utilisation of a solenoid type device having a long rectangular form. Further, the preferred embodiment utilises minimal power in that currents are only required whilst the device is operational and additionally, only a low keeper current is required whilst the printhead is printing.

Turning next to FIG. 13 and 14, FIG. 13 illustrates an exploded perspective of the ink supply cartridge 42 whilst FIG. 14 illustrates a close up sectional view of a bottom of the ink supply cartridge with the printhead unit in place. The ink supply cartridge 42 is based around a pagewidth printhead 102 which comprises a long slither of silicon having a series of holes etched on the back surface for the supply of ink to a front surface of the silicon wafer for subsequent ejection via a micro electro mechanical system. The form of ejection can be many different forms such as those set out in the tables below.

Of course, many other inkjet technologies, as referred to the attached tables below, can also be utilised when constructing a printhead unit 102. The fundamental requirement of the ink supply cartridge 42 is the supply of ink to a series of colour channels etched through the back surface of the printhead 102. In the description of the preferred embodiment, it is assumed that a three colour printing process is to be utilised so as to provide full colour picture output. Hence, the print supply unit includes three ink supply reservoirs being a cyan reservoir 104, a magenta reservoir 105 and a yellow reservoir 106. Each of these reservoirs is required to store ink and includes a corresponding sponge type material 107-109 which assists in stabilising ink within the corresponding ink channel and inhibiting the ink from sloshing back and forth when the printhead is utilised in a handheld camera system. The reservoirs 104, 105, 106 are formed through the mating of first exterior plastic piece 110 and a second base piece 111.

At a first end 118 of the base piece 111 a series of air inlet 113-115 are provided. Each air inlet leads to a corresponding winding channel which is hydrophobically treated so as to act as an ink repellent and therefore repel any ink that may flow along the air inlet channel. The air inlet channel further takes a convoluted path assisting in resisting any ink flow out of the chambers 104-106. An adhesive tape portion 117 is provided for sealing the channels within end portion 118.

At the top end, there is included a series of refill holes (not shown) for refilling corresponding ink supply chambers 104, 105, 106. A plug 121 is provided for sealing the refill holes.

Turning now to FIG. 14, there is illustrated a close up perspective view, partly in section through the ink supply cartridge 42 of FIG. 13 when formed as a unit. The ink supply cartridge includes the three colour ink reservoirs 104, 105, 106 which supply ink to different portions of the back surface of printhead 102 which includes a series of apertures 128 defined therein for carriage of the ink to the front surface.

The ink supply cartridge 42 includes two guide walls 124, 125 which separate the various ink chambers and are tapered into an end portion abutting the surface of the printhead 102. The guide walls 124, 125 are further mechanically supported by block portions eg. 126 which are placed at regular intervals along the length of the ink supply unit. The block portions 126 leave space at portions close to the back of printhead 102 for the flow of ink around the back surface thereof.

The ink supply unit is preferably formed from a multi-part plastic injection mould and the mould pieces eg. 110, 111 (FIG. 13) snap together around the sponge pieces 107, 109. Subsequently, a syringe type device can be inserted in the ink refill holes and the ink reservoirs filled with ink with the air flowing out of the air outlets 113-115. Subsequently, the adhesive tape portion 117 and plug 121 are attached and the printhead tested for operation capabilities. Subsequently, the ink supply cartridge 42 can be readily removed for refilling by means of removing the ink supply cartridge, performing a washing cycle, and then utilising the holes for the insertion of a refill syringe filled with ink for refilling the ink chamber before returning the ink supply cartridge 42 to a camera.

Turning now to FIG. 15, there is shown an example layout of the Image Capture and Processing Chip (ICP) 48. The Inage Capture and Processing Chip 48 provides most of the electronic functionality of the camera with the exception of the print head chip. The chip 48 is a highly integrated system. It combines CMOS image sensing, analog to digital conversion, digital image processing, DRAM storage, ROM, and miscellaneous control functions in a single chip.

The chip is estimated to be around 32 mm² using a leading edge 0.18 micron CMOS/DRAM/APS process. The chip size and cost can scale somewhat with Moore's law, but is dominated by a CMOS active pixel sensor array 201, so scaling is limited as the sensor pixels approach the diffraction limit.

The ICP 48 includes CMOS logic, a CMOS image sensor, DRAM, and analog circuitry. A very small amount of flash memory or other non-volatile memory is also preferably included for protection against reverse engineering.

Alternatively, the ICP can readily be divided into two chips: one for the CMOS imaging array, and the other for the remaining circuitry. The cost of this two chip solution should not be significantly different than the single chip ICP, as the extra cost of packaging and bond-pad area is somewhat cancelled by the reduced total wafer area requiring the color filter fabrication steps.

The ICP preferably contains the following functions:

Function 1.5 megapixel image sensor Analog Signal Processors Image sensor column decoders Image sensor row decoders Analogue to Digital Conversion (ADC) Column ADC's Auto exposure 12 Mbits of DRAM DRAM Address Generator Color interpolator Convolver Color ALU Halftone matrix ROM Digital halftoning Print head interface 8 bit CPU core Program ROM Flash memory Scratchpad SRAM Parallel interface (8 bit) Motor drive transistors (5) Clock PLL JTAG test interface Test circuits Busses Function Bond pads

The CPU, DRAM, Image sensor, ROM, Flash memory, Parallel interface, JTAG interface and ADC can be vendor supplied cores. The ICP is intended to run on 1.5 V to minimize power consumption and allow convenient operation from two AA type battery cells.

FIG. 15 illustrates a layout of the ICP 48. The ICP 48 is dominated by the imaging array 201, which consumes around 80% of the chip area. The imaging array is a CMOS 4 transistor active pixel design with a resolution of 1,500×1,000. The array can be divided into the conventional configuration, with two green pixels, one red pixel, and one blue pixel in each pixel group. There are 750×500 pixel groups in the imaging array.

The latest advances in the field of image sensing and CMOS image sensing in particular can be found in the Oct. 1997 issue of IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices and, in particular, pages 1689 to 1968. Further, a specific implementation similar to that disclosed in the present application is disclosed in Wong et. al, “CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors Fabricated Using a 1.8 V, 0.25 μm CMOS Technology”, IEDM 1996, page 915

The imaging array uses a 4 transistor active pixel design of a standard configuration. To minimize chip area and therefore cost, the image sensor pixels should be as small as feasible with the technology available. With a four transistor cell, the typical pixel size scales as 20 times the lithographic feature size. This allows a minimum pixel area of around 3.6 μm×3.6 μm. However, the photosite must be substantially above the diffraction limit of the lens. It is also advantageous to have a square photosite, to maximize the margin over the diffraction limit in both horizontal and vertical directions. In this case, the photosite can be specified as 2.5 μm×2.5 μm. The photosite can be a photogate, pinned photodiode, charge modulation device, or other sensor.

The four transistors are packed as an ‘L’ shape, rather than a rectangular region, to allow both the pixel and the photosite to be square. This reduces the transistor packing density slightly, increasing pixel size. However, the advantage in avoiding the diffraction limit is greater than the small decrease in packing density.

The transistors also have a gate length which is longer than the minimum for the process technology. These have been increased from a drawn length of 0.18 micron to a drawn length of 0.36 micron. This is to improve the transistor matching by making the variations in gate length represent a smaller proportion of the total gate length.

The extra gate length, and the ‘L’ shaped packing, mean that the transistors use more area than the minimum for the technology. Normally, around 8 μm² would be required for rectangular packing. Preferably, 9.75 μm² has been allowed for the transistors.

The total area for each pixel is 16 μm², resulting from a pixel size of 4 μm×4 μm. With a resolution of 1,500×1,000, the area of the imaging array 101 is 6,000 μm×4,000 μm, or 24 mm².

The presence of a color image sensor on the chip affects the process required in two major ways:

The CMOS fabrication process should be optimized to minimize dark current

Color filters are required. These can be fabricated using dyed photosensitive polyimides, resulting in an added process complexity of three spin coatings, three photolithographic steps, three development steps, and three hardbakes.

There are 15,000 analog signal processors (ASPs) 205, one for each of the columns of the sensor. The ASPs amplify the signal, provide a dark current reference, sample and hold the signal, and suppress the fixed pattern noise (FPN).

There are 375 analog to digital converters 206, one for each four columns of the sensor array. These may be delta-sigma or successive approximation type ADC's. A row of low column ADC's are used to reduce the conversion speed required, and the amount of analog signal degradation incurred before the signal is converted to digital. This also eliminates the hot spot (affecting local dark current) and the substrate coupled noise that would occur if a single high speed ADC was used. Each ADC also has two four bit DAC's which trim the offset and scale of the ADC to further reduce FPN variations between columns. These DAC's are controlled by data stored in flash memory during chip testing.

The column select logic 204 is a 1:1500 decoder which enables the appropriate digital output of the ADCs onto the output bus. As each ADC is shared by four columns, the least significant two bits of the row select control 4 input analog multiplexors.

A row decoder 207 is a 1:1000 decoder which enables the appropriate row of the active pixel sensor array. This selects which of the 1000 rows of the imaging array is connected to analog signal processors. As the rows are always accessed in sequence, the row select logic can be implemented as a shift register.

An auto exposure system 208 adjusts the reference voltage of the ADC 205 in response to the maximum intensity sensed during the previous frame period. Data from the green pixels is passed through a digital peak detector. The peak value of the image frame period before capture (the reference frame) is provided to a digital to analogue converter(DAC), which generates the global reference voltage for the column ADCs. The peak detector is reset at the beginning of the reference frame. The minimum and maximum values of the three RGB color components are also collected for color correction.

The second largest section of the chip is consumed by a DRAM 210 used to hold the image. To store the 1,500×1,000 image from the sensor without compression, 1.5 Mbytes of DRAM 210 are required. This equals 12 Mbits, or slightly less than 5% of a 256 Mbit DRAM. The DRAM technology assumed is of the 256 Mbit generation implemented using 0.18 μm CMOS.

Using a standard 8 F cell, the area taken by the memory array is 3.11 mm². When row decoders, column sensors, redundancy, and other factors are taken into account, the DRAM requires around 4 mm².

This DRAM 210 can be mostly eliminated if analog storage of the image signal can be accurately maintained in the CMOS imaging array for the two seconds required to print the photo. However, digital storage of the image is preferable as it is maintained without degradation, is insensitive to noise, and allows copies of the photo to be printed considerably later.

A DRAM address generator 211 provides the write and read addresses to the DRAM 210. Under normal operation, the write address is determined by the order of the data read from the CMOS image sensor 201. This will typically be a simple raster format. However, the data can be read from the sensor 201 in any order, if matching write addresses to the DRAM are generated. The read order from the DRAM 210 will normally simply match the requirements of a color interpolator and the print head. As the cyan, magenta, and yellow rows of the print head are necessarily offset by a few pixels to allow space for nozzle actuators, the colors are not read from the DRAM simultaneously. However, there is plenty of time to read all of the data from the DRAM many times during the printing process. This capability is used to eliminate the need for FIFOs in the print head interface, thereby saving chip area All three RGB image components can be read from the DRAM each time color data is required. This allows a color space converter to provide a more sophisticated conversion than a simple linear RGB to CMY conversion.

Also, to allow two dimensional filtering of the image data without requiring line buffers, data is re-read from the DRAM array.

The address generator may also implement image effects in certain models of camera. For example, passport photos are generated by a manipulation of the read addresses to the DRAM. Also, image framing effects (where the central image is reduced), image warps, and kaleidoscopic effects can all be generated by manipulating the read addresses of the DRAM.

While the address generator 211 may be implemented with substantial complexity if effects are built into the standard chip, the chip area required for the address generator is small, as it consists only of address counters and a moderate amount of random logic.

A color interpolator 214 converts the interleaved pattern of red, 2×green, and blue pixels into RGB pixels. It consists of three 8 bit adders and associated registers. The divisions are by either 2 (for green) or 4 (for red and blue) so they can be implemented as fixed shifts in the output connections of the adders.

A convolver 215 is provided as a sharpening filter which applies a small convolution kernel (5×5) to the red, green, and blue planes of the image. The convolution kernel for the green plane is different from that of the red and blue planes, as green has twice as many samples. The sharpening filter has five functions:

To improve the color interpolation from the linear interpolation provided by the color interpolator, to a close approximation of a sinc interpolation.

To compensate for the image ‘softening’ which occurs during digitization.

To adjust the image sharpness to match average consumer preferences, which are typically for the image to be slightly sharper than reality. As the single use camera is intended as a consumer product, and not a professional photographic products, the processing can match the most popular settings, rather than the most accurate.

To suppress the sharpening of high frequency (individual pixel) noise. The function is similar to the ‘unsharp mask’ process.

To antialias Image Warping.

These functions are all combined into a single convolution matrix. As the pixel rate is low (less than 1 Mpixel per second) the total number of multiplies required for the three color channels is 56 million multiplies per second. This can be provided by a single multiplier. Fifty bytes of coefficient ROM are also required.

A color ALU 113 combines the functions of color compensation and color space conversion into the one matrix multiplication, which is applied to every pixel of the frame. As with sharpening, the color correction should match the most popular settings, rather than the most accurate.

A color compensation circuit of the color ALU provides compensation for the lighting of the photo. The vast majority of photographs are substantially improved by a simple color compensation, which independently normalizes the contrast and brightness of the three color components.

A color look-up table (CLUT) 212 is provided for each color component. These are three separate 256×8 SRAMs, requiring a total of 6,144 bits. The CLUTs are used as part of the color correction process. They are also used for color special effects, such as stochastically selected “wild color” effects.

A color space conversion system of the color ALU converts from the RGB color space of the image sensor to the CMY color space of the printer. The simplest conversion is a 1's complement of the RGB data. However, this simple conversion assumes perfect linearity of both color spaces, and perfect dye spectra for both the color filters of the image sensor, and the ink dyes. At the other extreme is a tri-linear interpolation of a sampled three dimensional arbitrary transform table. This can effectively match any non-linearity or differences in either color space. Such a system is usually necessary to obtain good color space conversion when the print engine is a color electrophotographic

However, since the non-linearity of a halftoned ink jet output is very small, a simpler system can be used. A simple matrix multiply can provide excellent results. This requires nine multiplies and six additions per contone pixel. However, since the contone pixel rate is low (less than 1 Mpixel/sec) these operations can share a single multiplier and adder. The multiplier and adder are used in a color ALU which is shared with the color compensation function.

Digital halftoning can be performed as a dispersed dot ordered dither using a stochastic optimized dither cell. A halftone matrix ROM 216 is provided for storing dither cell coefficients. A dither cell size of 32×32 is adequate to ensure that the cell repeat cycle is not visible. The three colors —cyan, magenta, and yellow —are all dithered using the same cell, to ensure maximum co-positioning of the ink dots. This minimizes ‘muddying’ of the mid-tones which results from bleed of dyes from one dot to adjacent dots while still wet. The total ROM size required is 1 KByte, as the one ROM is shared by the halftoning units for each of the three colors.

The digital halftoning used is dispersed dot ordered dither with stochastic optimized dither matrix. While dithering does not produce an image quite as ‘sharp’ as error diffusion, it does produce a more accurate image with fewer artifacts. The image sharpening produced by error diffusion is artificial, and less controllable and accurate than ‘unsharp mask’ filtering performed in the contone domain. The high print resolution (1,600dpi×1,600 dpi) results in excellent quality when using a well formed stochastic dither matrix.

Digital halftoning is performed by a digital halftoning unit 217 using a simple comparison between the contone information from the DRAM 210 and the contents of the dither matrix 216. During the halftone process, the resolution of the image is changed from the 250 dpi of the captured contone image to the 1,600 dpi of the printed image. Each contone pixel is converted to an average of 40.96 halftone dots.

The ICP incorporates a 16 bit microcontroller CPU core 219 to run the miscellaneous camera functions, such as reading the buttons, controlling the motor and solenoids, setting up the hardware, and authenticating the refill station. The processing power required by the CPU is very modest, and a wide variety of processor cores can be used. As the entire CPU program is run from a small ROM 220, program compatibility between camera versions is not important, as no external programs are run. A 2 Mbit (256 Kbyte) program and data ROM 220 is included on chip. Most of this ROM space is allocated to data for outline graphics and fonts for specialty cameras. The program requirements are minor. The single most complex task is the encrypted authentication of the refill station. The ROM requires a single transistor per bit.

A Flash memory 221 may be used to store a 128 bit authentication code. This provides higher security than storage of the authentication code in ROM, as reverse engineering can be made essentially impossible. The Hash memory is completely covered by third level metal, making the data impossible to extract using scanning probe microscopes or electron beams. The authentication code is stored in the chip when manufactured. At least two other Flash bits are required for the authentication process: a bit which locks out reprogramming of the authentication code, and a bit which indicates that the camera has been refilled by an authenticated refill station. The flash memory can also be used to store FPN correction data for the imaging array. Additionally, a phase locked loop rescaling parameter is stored for scaling the clocking cycle to an appropriate correct time. The clock frequency does not require crystal accuracy since no date functions are provided. To eliminate the cost of a crystal, an on chip oscillator with a phase locked loop 224 is used. As the frequency of an on-chip oscillator is highly variable from chip to chip, the frequency ratio of the oscillator to the PLL is digitally trimmed during initial testing. The value is stored in Flash memory 221. This allows the clock PLL to control the ink-jet heater pulse width with sufficient accuracy.

A scratchpad SRAM is a small static RAM 222 with a 6T cell. The scratchpad provided temporary memory for the 16 bit CPU. 1024 bytes is adequate.

A print head interface 223 formats the data correctly for the print head. The print head interface also provides all of the timing signals required by the print head. These timing signals may vary depending upon temperature, the number of dots printed simultaneously, the print medium in the print roll, and the dye density of the ink in the print roll.

The following is a table of external connections to the print head interface:

Connection Function Pins DataBits[0-7] Independent serial data to the 8 eight segments of the print head BitClock Main data clock for the print head 1 ColorEnable[0-2] Independent enable signals for the 3 CMY actuators, allowing different pulse times for each color. BankEnable[0-1] Allows either simultaneous or 2 interleaved actuation of two banks of nozzles. This allows two different print speed/power consumption tradeoffs NozzleSelect[0-4] Selects one of 32 banks of nozzles 5 for simultaneous actuation ParallelXferClock Loads the parallel transfer 1 register with the data from the shift registers Total 20

The print head utilized is composed of eight identical segments, each 1.25 cm long. There is no connection between the segments on the print head chip. Any connections required are made in the external TAB bonding film, which is double sided. The division into eight identical segments is to simplify lithography using wafer steppers. The segment width of 1.25 cm fits easily into a stepper field. As the print head chip is long and narrow (10 cm×0.3 mm), the stepper field contains a single segment of 32 print head chips. The stepper field is therefore 1.25 cm×1.6 cm. An average of four complete print heads are patterned in each wafer step.

A single BitClock output line connects to all 8 segments on the print head. The 8 DataBits lines lead one to each segment, and are clocked into the 8 segments on the print head simultaneously (on a BitClock pulse). For example, dot 0 is transferred to segment₀, dot 750 is transferred to segment₁, dot 1500 to segment₂ etc simultaneously.

The ParallelXferClock is connected to each of the 8 segments on the print head, so that on a single pulse, all segments transfer their bits at the same time.

The NozzleSelect, BankEnable and ColorEnable lines are connected to each of the 8 segments, allowing the print bead interface to independently control the duration of the cyan, magenta, and yellow nozzle energizing pulses. Registers in the Print Head Interface allow the accurate specification of the pulse duration between 0 and 6 ms, with a typical duration of 2 ms to 3 ms.

A parallel interface 125 connects the ICP to individual static electrical signals. The CPU is able to control each of these connections as memory mapped I/O via a low speed bus.

The following is a table of connections to the parallel interface:

Connection Direction Pins Paper transport stepper motor Output 4 Capping solenoid Output 1 Copy LED Output 1 Photo button Input 1 Copy button Input 1 Total 8

Seven high current drive transistors eg. 227 are required. Four are for the four phases of the main stepper motor two are for the guillotine motor, and the remaining transistor is to drive the capping solenoid. These transistors are allocated 20,000 square microns (600,000F) each. As the transistors are driving highly inductive loads, they must either be turned off slowly, or be provided with a high level of back EMF protection. If adequate back EMF protection cannot be provided using the chip process chosen, then external discrete transistors should be used. The transistors are never driven at the same time as the image sensor is used. This is to avoid voltage fluctuations and hot spots affecting the image quality. Further, the transistors are located as far away from the sensor as possible.

A standard JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) interface 228 is included in the ICP for testing purposes and for interrogation by the refill station. Due to the complexity of the chip, a variety of testing techniques are required, including BIST (Built In Self Test) and functional block isolation. An overhead of 10% in chip area is assumed for chip testing circuitry for the random logic portions. The overhead for the large arrays the image sensor and the DRAM is smaller.

The JTAG interface is also used for authentication of the refill station. This is included to ensure that the cameras are only refilled with quality paper and ink at a properly constructed refill station, thus preventing inferior quality refills from occurring. The camera must authenticate the refill station, rather than vice versa. The secure protocol is communicated to the refill station during the automated test procedure. Contact is made to four gold plated spots on the ICP/print head TAB by the refill station as the new ink is injected into the print head.

FIG. 16 illustrates a rear view of the next step in the construction process whilst FIG. 17 illustrates a front view.

Turning now to FIG. 16, the assembly of the camera system proceeds via first assembling the ink supply mechanism 40. The flex PCB is interconnected with batteries 84 only one of which is shown, which are inserted in the middle portion of a print roll 85 which is wrapped around a plastic former 86. An end cap 89 is provided at the other end of the print roll 85 so as to fasten the print roll and batteries firmly to the ink supply mechanism.

The solenoid coil is interconnected (not shown) to interconnects 97, 98 (FIG. 8) which include leaf spring ends for interconnection with electrical contacts on the Flex PCB so as to provide for electrical control of the solenoid.

Turning now to FIGS. 17-19 the next step in the construction process is the insertion of the relevant gear trains into the side of the camera chassis. FIG. 17 illustrates a front view, FIG. 18 illustrates a rear view and FIG. 19 also illustrates a rear view. The first gear chain comprising gear wheels 22, 23 is utilised for driving the guillotine blade with the gear wheel 23 engaging the gear wheel 65 of FIG. 8. The second gear train comprising gear wheels 24, 25 and 26 engage one end of the print roller 61 of FIG. 8. As best indicated in FIG. 18, the gear wheels mate with corresponding pins on the surface of the chassis with the gear wheel 26 being snap fitted into corresponding mating hole 27.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 20, the assembled platten unit 60 is then inserted between the print roll 85 and aluminium cutting blade 43.

Turning now to FIG. 21, by way of illumination, there is illustrated the electrically interactive components of the camera system. As noted previously, the components are based around a Flex PCB board and include a TAB film 58 which interconnects the printhead 102 with the image sensor and processing chip 48. Power is supplied by two AA type batteries 83, 84 and a paper drive stepper motor 16 is provided in addition to a rotary guillotine motor 17.

An optical element 31 is provided for snapping into a top portion of the chassis 12. The optical element 31 includes portions defining an optical view finder 32, 33 which are slotted into mating portions 35, 36 in view finder channel 37. Also provided in the optical element 31 is a lensing system 38 for magnification of the prints left number in addition to an optical pipe element 39 for piping light from the LED 5 for external display.

Turning next to FIG. 22, the assembled unit 90 is then inserted into a front outer case 91 which includes button 4 for activation of printouts.

Turning now to FIG. 23, next, the unit 90 is provided with a snap-on back cover 93 which includes a slot 6 and copy print button 7. A wrapper label containing instructions and advertising (not shown) is then wrapped around the outer surface of the camera system and pinch clamped to the cover by means of clamp strip 96 which can comprise a flexible plastic or rubber strip.

Subsequently, the preferred embodiment is ready for use as a one time use camera system that provides for instant output images on demand. It will be evident that the preferred embodiment further provides for a refillable camera system. A used camera can be collected and its outer plastic cases removed and recycled. A new paper roll and batteries can be added and the ink cartridge refilled. A series of automatic test routines can then be carried out to ensure that the printer is properly operational. Further, in order to ensure only authorised refills are conducted so as to enhance quality, routines in the on-chip program ROM can be executed such that the camera authenticates the refilling station using a secure protocol. Upon authentication, the camera can reset an internal paper count and an external case can be fitted on the camera system with a new outer label. Subsequent packing and shipping can then take place.

It will be further readily evident to those skilled in the art that the program ROM can be modified so as to allow for a variety of digital processing routines. In addition to the digitally enhanced photographs optimised for mainstream consumer preferences, various other models can readily be provided through mere re-programming of the program ROM. For example, a sepia classic old fashion style output can be provided through a remapping of the colour mapping function. A further alternative is to provide for black and white outputs again through a suitable colour remapping algorithm. Minimum colour can also be provided to add a touch of colour to black and white prints to produce the effect that was traditionally used to colourize black and white photos. Further, passport photo output can be provided through suitable address remappings within the address generators. Further, edge filters can be utilised as is known in the field of image processing to produce sketched art styles. Further, classic wedding borders and designs can be placed around an output image in addition to the provision of relevant clip arts. For example, a wedding style camera might be provided. Further, a panoramic mode can be provided so as to output the well known panoramic format of images. Further, a postcard style output can be provided through the printing of postcards including postage on the back of a print roll surface. Further, cliparts can be provided for special events such as Halloween, Christmas etc. Further, kaleidoscopic effects can be provided through address remappings and wild colour effects can be provided through remapping of the colour lookup table. Many other forms of special event cameras can be provided for example, cameras dedicated to the Olympics, movie tie-ins, advertising and other special events.

The operational mode of the camera can be programmed so that upon the depressing of the take photo a first image is sampled by the sensor array to determine irrelevant parameters. Next a second image is again captured which is utilised for the output. The captured image is then manipulated in accordance with any special requirements before being initially output on the paper roll. The LED light is then activated for a predetermined time during which the DRAM is refreshed so as to retain the image. If the print copy button is depressed during this predetermined time interval, a further copy of the photo is output. After the predetermined time interval where no use of the camera has occurred, the onboard CPU shuts down all power to the camera system until such time as the take button is again activated. In this way, substantial power savings can be realized.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per printhead, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth printheads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the list under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the printhead is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the printhead is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest printhead designed is covered in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 09/112,764, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The printheads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the printhead by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The printhead is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. Forty-five such inkjet types were filed simultaneously to the present application.

Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the forty-five examples can be made into ink jet printheads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The simultaneously filed patent applications by the present applicant are listed by USSN numbers. In some cases, a print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Thermal An electrothermal heater heats the Large force generated High power Canon Bubblejet bubble ink to above boiling point, Simple construction Ink carrier limited to water 1979 Endo et al GB transferring significant heat to the No moving parts Low efficiency patent 2,007,162 aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates and Fast operation High temperatures required Xerox heater-in-pit quickly forms, expelling the ink. Small chip area required for High mechanical stress 1990 Hawkins et al The efficiency of the process is low, actuator Unusual materials required USP 4,899,181 with typically less than 0.05% of the Large drive transistors Hewlett-Packard TIJ electrical energy being transformed Cavitation causes actuator failure 1982 Vaught et al into kinetic energy of the drop. Kogation reduces bubble USP 4,490,728 formation Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as lead Low power consumption Very large area required for actuator Kyser et al USP lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is Many ink types can be used Difficult to integrate with electronics 3,946,398 electrically activated, and either Fast operation High voltage drive transistors required Zoltan USP expands, shears, or bends to apply High efficiency Full pagewidth print heads impractical 3,683,212 pressure to the ink, ejecting drops. due to actuator size 1973 Stemme USP Requires electrical poling in high field 3,747,120 strengths during manufacture Epson Stylus Tektronix IJ04 Electro- An electric field is used to activate Low power consumption Low maximum strain (approx. 0.01%) Seiko Epson, Usui et strictive electrostriction in relaxor materials Many ink types can be used Large area required for actuator due to all JP 253401/96 such as lead lanthanum zirconate Low thermal expansion low strain IJ04 titanate (PLZT) or lead magnesium Electric field strength Response speed is marginal (˜10 μs) niobate (PMN). required (approx. 3.5 High voltage drive transistors required V/μm) can be generated Full pagewidth print heads impractical without difficulty due to actuator size Does not require electrical poling Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce a Low power consumption Difficult to integrate with electronics IJ04 phase transition between the Many ink types can be used Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are antiferroelectric (AFE) and Fast operation (<1 μs) required ferroelectric (FE) phase. Perovskite Relatively high longitudinal Actuators require a large area materials such as tin modified lead strain lanthanum zirconate titanate High efficiency (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of up Electric field strength of to 1% associated with the AFE to FE around 3 V/μm can be phase transition. readily provided Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated by a Low power consumption Difficult to operate electrostatic IJ02, IJ04 plates compressible or fluid dielectric Many ink types can be used devices in an aqueous environment (usually air). Upon application of a Fast operation The electrostatic actuator will normally voltage, the plates attract each other need to be separated from the ink and displace ink, causing drop Very large area required to achieve ejection. The conductive plates may high forces be in a comb or honeycomb High voltage drive transistors may be structure, or stacked to increase the required surface area and therefore the force. Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied to Low current consumption High voltage required 1989 Saito et al, USP pull on ink the ink, whereupon electrostatic Low temperature May be damaged by sparks due to air 4,799,068 attraction accelerates the ink towards breakdown 1989 Miura et al, the print medium. Required field strength increases as the USP 4,810,954 drop size decreases Tone-jet High voltage drive transistors required Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts a Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ07, IJ10 magnet permanent magnet, displacing ink Many ink types can be used Permanent magnetic material such as electro- and causing drop ejection. Rare earth Fast operation Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnetic magnets with a field strength around High effieiency required. 1 Tesla can be used. Examples are: Easy extension from single High local currents required Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for magnetic materials in the heads long electromigration lifetime and low neodymium iron boron family resistivity (NdFeB, NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, Pigmented inks are usually infeasible etc) Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K.) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic field Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10 core electro- in a soft magnetic core or yoke Many ink types can be used Materials not usually present in a IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17 magnetic fabricated from a ferrous material Fast operation CMOS fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe, or such as electroplated iron alloys such High efficiency CoFe are required as CoNiFe [1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. Easy extension from single High local currents required Typically, the soft magnetic material nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for is in two parts, which are normally heads long electromigration lifetime and low held apart by a spring. When the resistivity solenoid is actuated, the two parts Electroplating is required attract, displacing the ink. High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Lorenz The Lorenz force acting on a current Low power consumption Force acts as a twisting motion IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16 force carrying wire in a magnetic field is Many ink types can be used Typically, only a quarter of the utilized. Fast operation solenoid length provides force in a This allows the magnetic field to be High efficiency useful direction supplied externally to the print head, Easy extension from single High local currents required for example with rare earth nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for permanent magnets. heads long electromigration lifetime and low Only the current carrying wire need resistivity be fabricated on the print-head, Pigmented inks are usually infeasible simplifying materials requirements. Magneto- The actuator uses the giant Many ink types can be used Force acts as a twisting motion Fischenbeck, USP striction magnetostrictive effect of materials Fast operation Unusual materials such as Terfenol-D 4,032,929 such as Terfenol-D (an alloy of Easy extension from single are required IJ25 terbium, dysprosium and iron nozzles to pagewidth print High local currents required developed at the Naval Ordnance heads Copper metalization should be used for Laboratory, hence Ter-Fe-NOL). For High force is available long electromigration lifetime and low best efficiency, the actuator should resistivity be pre-stressed to approx. 8 MPa. Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive pressure is held in Low power consumption Requires supplementary force to effect Silverbrook, EP 0771 tension a nozzle by surface tension. The Simple construction drop separation 658 A2 and related reduction surface tension of the ink is reduced No unusual materials Requires special ink surfactants patent applications below the bubble threshold, causing required in fabrication Speed may be limited by surfactant the ink to egress from the nozzle. High efficiency properties Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally reduced Simple construction Requires supplementary force to effect Silverbrook, EP 0771 reduction to select which drops are to be No unusual materials drop separation 658 A2 and related ejected. A viscosity reduction can be required in fabrication Requires special ink viscosity patent applications achieved electrothermally with most Easy extension from single properties inks, but special inks can be nozzles to pagewidth print High speed is difficult to achieve engineered for a 100:1 viscosity heads Requires oscillating ink pressure reduction. A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and Can operate without a Complex drive circuitry 1993 Hadimioglu et focussed upon the drop ejection nozzle plate Complex fabrication al, EUP 550,192 region. Low efficiency 1993 Elrod et al, EUP Poor control of drop position 572,220 Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon Low power consumption Efficient aqueous operation requires a IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18 bend actuator differential thermal expansion upon Many ink types can be used thermal insulator on the hot side IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22 Joule heating is used. Simple planar fabrication Corrosion prevention can be difficult IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 Small chip area required for Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 each actuator pigment particles may jam the bend IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 Fast operation actuator IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 High efficiency IJ41 CMOS compatible voltages and currents Standard MEMS processes can be used Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very high High force can be generated Requires special material (e.g. PTFE) IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion PTFE is a candidate for low Requires a PTFE deposition process, IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 actuator (CTE) such as dielectric constant which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is insulation in ULSI PTFE deposition cannot be followed IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 used. As high CTE materials are Very low power with high temperature (above 350° C.) usually non-conductive, a heater consumption processing fabricated from a conductive Many ink types can be used Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as material is incorporated. A 50 μm Simple planar fabrication pigment particles may jam the bend long PTFE bend actuator with Small chip area required for actuator polysilicon heater and 15 mW power each actuator input can provide 180 μN force and Fast operation 10 μm deflection. Actuator motions High efficiency include: CMOS compatible voltages Bend and currents Push Easy extension from single Buckle nozzles to pagewidth print Rotate heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient of High force can be generated Requires special materials IJ24 polymer thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is Very low power development (High CTE conductive thermoelastic doped with conducting substances to consumption polymer) actuator increase its conductivity to about 3 Many ink types can be used Requires a PTFE deposition process, orders of magnitude below that of Simple planar fabrication which is not yet standard in ULSI fabs copper. The conducting polymer Small chip area required for PTFE deposition cannot be followed expands when resistively heated. each actuator with high temperature (above 350° C.) Examples of conducting dopants Fast operation processing include: High efficiency Evaporation and CVD deposition Carbon nanotubes CMOS compatible voltages techniques cannot be used Metal fibers and currents Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as Conductive polymers such as Easy extension from single pigment particles may jam the bend doped polythiophene nozzles to pagewidth print actuator Carbon granules heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as TiNi High force is available Fatigue limits maximum number of IJ26 alloy (also known as Nitinol - Nickel (stresses of hundreds of cycles Titanium alloy developed at the MPa) Low strain (1%) is required to extend Naval Ordnance Laboratory) is Large strain is available fatigue resistance thermally switched between its weak (more than 3%) Cycle rate limited by heat removal martensitic state and its high High corrosion resistance Requires unusual materials (TiNi) stiffness austenic state. The shape of Simple construction The latent heat of transformation must the actuator in its martensitic state is Easy extension from single be provided deformed relative to the austenic nozzles to pagewidth print High current operation shape. The shape change causes heads Requires pre-stressing to distort the ejection of a drop Low voltage operation martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic actuators include Linear Magnetic actuators Requires unusual semiconductor IJ12 Magnetic the Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), can be constructed with materials such as soft magnetic alloys Actuator Linear Permanent Magnet high thrust, long travel, and (e.g. CoNiFe) Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA), high efficiency using planar Some varieties also require permanent Linear Reluctance Synchronous semiconductor fabrication magnetic materials such as Actuator (LRSA), Linear Switched techniques Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) Reluctance Actuator (LSRA), and Long actuator travel is Requires complex multi-phase drive the Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA). available circuitry Medium force is available High current operation Low voltage operation BASIC OPERATION MODE Actuator This is the simplest mode of Simple operation Drop repetition rate is usually limited Thermal ink jet directly operation: the actuator directly No external fields required to less than 10 KHz. However, this is Piezoelectric ink jet pushes ink supplies sufficient kinetic energy to Satellite drops can be not fundamental to the method, but is IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04 expel the drop. The drop must have a avoided if drop velocity is related to the refill method normally IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09 sufficient velocity to overcome the less than 4 m/s used IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16 surface tension. Can be efficient, depending All of the drop kinetic energy must be IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 upon the actuator used provided by the actuator IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, 1J28 Satellite drops usually form if drop IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires close proximity between the Silverbrook, EP 0771 by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used print head and the print media or 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means transfer roller patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide May require two print heads printing separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to alternate rows of the image by contact with the print medium or separate the drop from Monolithic color print heads are a transfer roller. the nozzle difficult Electrostatic The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires very high electrostatic field Silverbrook, EP 0771 pull on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used Electrostatic field for small nozzle 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means sizes is above air breakdown patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide Electrostatic field may attract dust Tone-Jet separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to by a strong electric field. separate the drop from the nozzzle Magnetic pull The drops to be printed are selected Very simple print head Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 on ink by some manner (e.g. thermally fabrication can be used Ink colors other than black are difficult 658 A2 and related induced surface tension reduction of The drop selection means Requires very high magnetic fields patent applications pressurized ink). Selected drops are does not need to provide separated from the ink in the nozzle the energy required to by a strong magnetic field acting on separate the drop from the magnetic ink. the nozzle Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to High speed (>50 KHz) Moving parts are required IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 block ink flow to the nozzle. The ink operation can be achieved Requires ink pressure modulator pressure is pulsed at a multiple of the due to reduced refill time Friction and mar must be considered drop ejection frequency. Drop timing can be very Stiction is possible accurate The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to Actuators with small travel Moving parts are required IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19 block ink flow through a grill to the can be used Requires ink pressure modulator nozzle. The shutter movement need Actuators with small force Friction and wear must be considered only be equal to the width of the grill can be used Stiction is possible holes. High speed (>50 KHz) operation can be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field attracts an Extremely low energy Requires an external pulsed magnetic IJ10 magnetic pull ‘ink pusher’ at the drop ejection operation is possible field on ink pusher frequency. An actuator controls a No heat dissipation Requires special materials for both the catch, which prevents the ink pusher problems actuator and the ink pusher from moving when a drop is not to Complex construction be ejected. AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) None The actuator directly fires the ink Simplicity of construction Drop ejection energy must be supplied Most ink jets, drop, and there is no external field or Simplicity of operation by individual nozzle actuator including other mechanism required. Small physical size piezoelectric and thermal bubble. IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04, IJ05, IJ07, IJ09, IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, Oscillating ink pressure can Requires external ink pressure Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure providing much of the drop ejection provide a refill pulse, oscillator 658 A2 and related (including energy. The actuator selects which allowing higher operating Ink pressure phase and amplitude must patent applications acoustic drops are to be fired by selectively speed be carefully controlled IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 stimulation) blocking or enabling nozzles. The The actuators may operate Acoustic reflections in the ink chamber IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 ink pressure oscillation may be with much lower energy must be designed for achieved by vibrating the print head, Acoustic lenses can be used or preferably by an actuator in the to focus the sound on the ink supply. nozzles Media The print head is placed in close Low power Precision assembly required Silverbrook, EP 0771 proximity proximity to the print medium. High accuracy Paper fibers may cause problems 658 A2 and related Selected drops protrude from the Simple print head Cannot print on rough substrates patent applications print head further than unselected construction drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer roller High accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, EP 0771 instead of straight to the print Wide range of print Expensive 658 A2 and related medium. A transfer roller can also be substrates can be used Complex construction patent applications used for proximity drop separation. Ink can be dried on the Tektronix hot melt transfer roller piezoelectric inkjet Any of the IJ series Electrostatic An electric field is used to accelerate Low power Field strength required for separation Silverbrook, EP 0771 selected drops towards the print Simple print head of small drops is near or above air 658 A2 and related medium. construction breakdown patent applications Tone-Jet Direct A magnetic field is used to accelerate Low power Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 magnetic field selected drops of magnetic ink Simple print head Requires strong magnetic field 658 A2 and related towards the print medium. construction patent applications Cross The print head is placed in a constant Does not require magnetic Requires external magnet IJ06, IJ16 magnetic field magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a materials to be integrated in Current densities may be high, current carrying wire is used to move the print head resulting in electromigration problems the actuator. manufacturing process Pulsed A pulsed magnetic field is used to Very low power operation Complex print head construction IJ10 magnetic field cyclically attract a paddle, which is possible Magnetic materials required in print pushes on the ink. A small actuator Small print head size head moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving. ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD None No actuator mechanical Operational simplicity Many actuator mechanisms have Thermal Bubble amplification is used. The actuator insufficient travel, or insufficient Inkjet directly drives the drop ejection force, to efficiently drive the IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, process. drop ejection process IJ07 IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 Differential An actuator material expands more Provides greater travel in a High stresses are involved Piezoelectric expansion on one side than on the other. The reduced print head area Care must be taken that the IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, bend actuator expansion may be thermal, materials do not delaminate IJ18, IJ19, IJ20, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or Residual bend resulting from high IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, other mechanism. temperature or high stress during IJ24, IJ27, IJ29, travel, lower force formation IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, mechanism. IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Transient bend A trilayer bend actuator where the Very good temperature High stresses are involved IJ40, IJ41 actuator two outside layers are identical. This stability Care must be taken that the cancels bend due to ambient High speed, as a new drop materials do not delaminate temperature and residual stress. The can be fired before heat actuator only responds to transient dissipates heating of one side or the other. Cancels residual stress of formation Reverse spring The actuator loads a spring. When Better coupling to the ink Fabrication complexity IJ05, IJ11 the actuator is turned off, the spring High stress in the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are stacked. Increased travel Increased fabrication complexity Some piezoelectric This can be appropriate where Reduced drive voltage Increased possibility of short ink jets actuators require high electric field circuits due to pinholes IJ04 strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are used Increases the force avail- Actuator forces may not add IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, actuators simultaneously to move the ink. able from an actuator linearly, reducing efficiency IJ20 Each actuator need provide only a Multiple actuators can be IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, portion of the force required. positioned to control ink IJ43 flow accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to transform a Matches low travel actuator Requires print head area for the IJ15 motion with small travel and high with higher travel spring force into a longer travel, lower force requirements motion. Non-contact method of motion transformation Coiled A bend actuator is coiled to provide Increases travel Generally restricted to planar IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, actuator greater travel in a reduced chip area. Reduces chip area implementations due to extreme IJ35 Planar implementations are fabrication difficulty in other relatively easy to fabricate. orientations. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small region Simple means of increasing Care must be taken not to exceed IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 actuator near the fixture point, which flexes travel of a bend actuator the elastic limit in the flexure much more readily than the area remainder of the actuator. The Stress distribution is very uneven actuator flexing is effectively Difficult to accurately model with converted from an even coiling to an finite element analysis angular bend, resulting in greater travel of the actuator tip. Catch The actuator controls a small catch. Very low actuator energy Complex construction IJ10 The catch either enables or disables Very small actuator size Requires external force movement of an ink pusher that is Unsuitable for pigmented inks controlled in a bulk manner. Gears Gears can be used to increase travel Low force, low travel Moving parts are required IJ13 at the expense of duration. Circular actuators can be used Several actuator cycles are required gears, rack and pinion, ratchets, and Can be fabricated using More complex drive electronics other gearing methods can be used. standard surface MEMS Complex construction processes Friction, friction, and wear are possible Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to change Very fast movement Must stay within elastic limits of S. Hirata et al, “An a slow actuator into a fast motion. It achievable the materials for long device life Ink-jet Head . . .”, can also convert a high force, low High stresses involved Proc. IEEE MEMS, travel actuator into a high travel, Generally high power requirement Feb. 1996, pp 418- medium force motion. 423. IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can increase Linearizes the magnetic Complex construction IJ14 magnetic pole travel at the expense of force. force/distance curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to Matches low travel actuator High stress around the fulcrum IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 transform a motion with small travel with higher travel and high force into a motion with requirements longer travel and lower force. The Fulcrum area has no linear lever can also reverse the direction of movement, and can be used travel. for a fluid seal Rotary The actuator is connected to a rotary High mechanical advantage Complex construction IJ28 impeller impeller. A small angular deflection The ratio of force to travel Unsuitable for pigmented inks of the actuator results in a rotation of of the actuator can be the impeller vanes, which push the matched to the nozzle ink against stationary vanes and out requirements by varying the of the nozzle. number of impeller vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone No moving parts Large area required 1993 Hadimioglu et plate) acoustic lens is used to Only relevant for acoustic ink jets al, EUP 550,192 concentrate sound waves. 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp A sharp point is used to concentrate Simple construction Difficult to fabricate using standard Tone-jet conductive an electrostatic field. VLSI processes for a surface point ejecting ink-jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets ACTUATOR MOTION Volume The volume of the actuator changes, Simple construction in the High energy is typically required to Hewlett-Packard expansion pushing the ink in all directions. case of thermal ink jet achieve volume expansion. This leads Thermal Inkjet to thermal stress, cavitation, and Canon Bubblejet kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction Efficient coupling to ink High fabrication complexity may be IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07 to chip surface normal to the print head surface. The drops ejected normal to the required to achieve perpendicular IJ11, IJ14 nozzle is typically in the line of surface motion movement. Parallel The actuator moves parallel to the Suitable for planar Fabrication complexity IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, to chip surface print head surface. Drop ejection fabrication Friction IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 may still be normal to the surface. Stiction Membrane An actuator with a high force but The effective area of the Fabrication complexity 1982 Howkins USP push small area is used to push a stiff actuator becomes the Actuator size 4,459,601 membrane that is in contact with the membrane area Difficulty of integration in a VLSI ink. process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of Rotary levers may be used Device complexity IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 some element, such a grill or to increase travel May have friction at a pivot point impeller Small chip area requirements Bend The actuator bends when energized. A very small change in Requires the actuator to be made from 1970 Kyser et al USP This may be due to differential dimensions can be at least two distinct layers, or to have a 3,946,398 thermal expansion, piezoelectric converted to a large motion. thermal difference across the actuator 1973 Stemme USP expansion, magnetostriction, or other 3,747,120 form of relative dimensional change. IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a central Allows operation where the Inefficient coupling to the ink motion IJ06 pivot. This motion is suitable where net linear force on the there are opposite forces applied to paddle is zero opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. Small chip area Lorenz force. requirements Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and Can be used with shape Requires careful balance of stresses to IJ26, IJ32 straightens when energized. memory alloys where the ensure that the quiescent bend is austenic phase is planar accurate Double bend The actuator bends in one direction One actuator can be used to Difficult to make the drops ejected by IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 when one element is energized, and power two nozzles. both bend directions identical. bends the other way when another Reduced chip size. A small efficiency loss compared to element is energized. Not sensitive to ambient equivalent single bend actuators. temperature Shear Energizing the actuator causes a Can increase the effective Not readily applicable to other actuator 1985 Fishbeck USP shear motion in the actuator material. travel of piezoelectric mechanisms 4,584,590 actuators Radial The actuator squeezes an ink Relatively easy to fabricate High force required 1970 Zoltan USP constriction reservoir, forcing ink from a single nozzles from glass Inefficient 3,683,212 constricted nozzle. tubing as macroscopic Difficult to integrate with VLSI structures processes Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils Easy to fabricate as a planar Difficult to fabricate for non-planar IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 more tightly. The motion of the free VLSI process devices end of the actuator ejects the ink. Small area required, Poor out-of-plane stiffness therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in the Can increase the speed of Maximum travel is constrained IJ16, IJ18, 1J27 middle when energized. travel High force required Mechanically rigid Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. One The structure is pinned at Not readily suitable for inkjets which IJ18 actuator pulls the shutter, and the both ends, so has a high directly push the ink other pushes it. out-of-plane rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to Good fluid flow to the Design complexity IJ20, IJ42 reduce the volume of ink that they region behind the actuator enclose. increases efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, Relatively simple Relatively large chip area IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber construction surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume of High efficiency High fabrication complexity IJ22 ink. These simultaneously rotate, Small chip area Not suitable for pigmented inks reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high The actuator can be Large area required for efficient 1993 Hadimioglu et vibration frequency. physically distant from the operation at useful frequencies al, EUP 550,192 ink Acoustic coupling and crosstalk 1993 Elrod et al, EUP Complex drive circuitry 572,220 Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the actuator No moving parts Various other tradeoffs are required to Silverbrook, EP 0771 does not move. eliminate moving parts 658 A2 and related patent applications Tone-jet NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Surface This is the normal way that inkjets Fabrication simplicity Low speed Thermal inkjet tension are refilled. After the actuator is Operational simplicity Surface tension force relatively small Piezoelectric inkjet energized, it typically returns ra- compared to actuator force IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 pidly to its normal position. This Long refill time usually dominates the IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 rapid return sucks in air through total repetition rate the nozzle opening. The ink surface tension at the nozzle then exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. This force refills the nozzle. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is High speed Requires common ink pressure IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 oscillating ink provided at a pressure that oscillates Low actuator energy, as the oscillator IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 pressure at twice the drop ejection frequency. actuator need only open or May not be suitable for pigmented inks When a drop is to be ejected, the close the shutter, instead of shutter is opened for 3 half cycles: ejecting the ink drop drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. The shutter is then closed to prevent the nozzle chamber emptying during the next negative pressure cycle. Refill actuator After the main actuator has ejected a High speed, as the nozzle is Requires two independent actuators per IJ09 drop a second (refill) actuator is actively refilled nozzle energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive High refill rate, therefore a Surface spill must be prevented Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure pressure. After the ink drop is high drop repetition rate is Highly hydrophobic print head 658 A2 and related ejected, the nozzle chamber fills possible surfaces are required patent applications quickly as surface tension and ink Alternative for: pressure both operate to refill the IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 nozzle. IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate Thermal inkjet channel chamber is made long and relatively Operational simplicity May result in a relatively large chip Piezoelectric inkjet narrow, relying on viscous drag to Reduces crosstalk area IJ42, IJ43 reduce inlet back-flow. Only partially effective Positive ink The ink is under a positive pressure, Drop selection and Requires a method (such as a nozzle Silverbrook, EP 0771 pressure so that in the quiescent state some of separation forces can be rim or effective hydrophobizing, or 658 A2 and related the ink drop already protrudes from reduced both) to prevent flooding of the patent applications the nozzle. Fast refill time ejection surface of the print head. Possible operation of This reduces the pressure in the the following: nozzle chamber which is required to IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 eject a certain volume of ink. The IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, reduction in chamber pressure results IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 in a reduction in ink pushed out IJ44 through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed in the The refill rate is not as Design complexity HP Thermal Ink Jet inlet ink flow. When the actuator is restricted as the long inlet May increase fabrication complexity Tektronix energized, the rapid ink movement method. (e.g. Tektronix hot melt Piezoelectric piezoelectric ink jet creates eddies which restrict the flow Reduces crosstalk print heads). through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed by Significantly reduces back- Not applicable to most inkjet Canon restricts inlet Canon, the expanding actuator flow for edge-shooter configurations (bubble) pushes on a flexible flap thermal ink jet devices Increased fabrication complexity that restricts the inlet. Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink Additional advantage of ink Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27 inlet and the nozzle chamber. The filtration May result in complex construction IJ29, IJ30 filter has a multitude of small holes Ink filter may be fabricated or slots, restricting ink flow. The with no additional process filter also removes particles which steps may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to chamber has a substantially smaller May result in a relatively large chip nozzle cross section than that of the nozzle, area resulting in easier ink egress out of Only partially effective the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the Increases speed of the ink- Requires separate refill actuator and IJ09 position of a shutter, closing off the jet print head operation drive circuit ink inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of Back-flow problem is Requires careful design to minimize IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 located behind inlet back-flow by arranging the ink- eliminated the negative pressure behind the paddle IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14 the ink- pushing surface of the actuator IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 pushing between the inlet and the nozzle. IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 surface IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink Significant reductions in Small increase in fabrication IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator chamber are arranged so that the back-flow can be achieved complexity moves to shut motion of the actuator closes off the Compact designs possible off the inlet inlet. Nozzle In some configurations of ink jet, Ink back-flow problem is None related to ink back-flow on Silverbrook, EP 077 actuator does there is no expansion or movement eliminated actuation 658 A2 and related not result in of an actuator which may cause ink patent applications ink back-flow back-flow through the inlet. Valve-jet Tone-jet NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired No added complexity on May not be sufficient to displace dried Most ink jet systems firing periodically, before the ink has a the print head ink IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04, chance to dry. When not in use the IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09, nozzles are sealed (capped) against IJ10, IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, air. The nozzle firing is usually IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, performed during a special clearing IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, cycle, after first moving the print IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, head to a cleaning station. IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but do Can be highly effective if Requires higher drive voltage for Silverbrook, EP 0771 ink heater not boil it under normal situations, the heater is adjacent to the clearing 658 A2 and related nozzle clearing can be achieved by nozzle May require larger drive transistors patent applications over-powering the heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid Does not require extra drive Effectiveness depends substantially May be used with: succession of succession. In some configurations, circuits on the print head upon the configuration of the inkjet IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04, actuator this may cause heat build-up at the Can be readily controlled nozzle IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09, pulses nozzle which boils the ink, clearing and initiated by digital logic IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09, the nozzle. In other situations, it may IJ10, IJ11, IJ14, IJ16, cause sufficient vibrations to IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, dislodge clogged nozzles. IJ25, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally A simple solution where Not suitable where there is a hard limit May be used with: ink pushing driven to the limit of its motion, applicable to actuator movement IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20 actuator nozzle clearing may be assisted by IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 providing an enhanced drive signal IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 to the actuator. IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to the A high nozzle clearing High implementation cost if system IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 resonance ink chamber. This wave is of an capability can be achieved does not already include an acoustic IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 appropriate amplitude and frequency May be implemented at actuator to cause sufficient force at the nozzle very low cost in systems to clear blockages. This is easiest to which already include achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a acoustic actuators resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated plate is pushed Can clear severely clogged Accurate mechanical alignment is Silverbrook, EP 0771 clearing plate against the nozzles. The plate has a nozzles required 658 A2 and related post for every nozzle. The array of Moving parts are required patent applications posts There is risk of damage to the nozzles Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is May be effective where Requires pressure pump or other May be used with all pulse temporarily increased so that ink other methods cannot be pressure actuator IJ series ink jets streams from all of the nozzles. This used Expensive may be used in conjunction with Wasteful of ink actuator energizing. Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the Effective for planar print Difficult to use if print head surface is Many ink jet systems wiper print head surface. The blade is head surfaces non-planar or very fragile usually fabricated from a flexible Low cost Requires mechanical parts polymer, e.g. rubber or synthetic Blade can wear out in high volume elastomer. print systems Separate ink A separate heater is provided at the Can be effective where Fabrication complexity Can be used with boiling heater nozzle although the normal drop e- other nozzle clearing many IJ series ink ection mechanism does not require it. methods cannot be used jets The heaters do not require individual Can be implemented at no drive circuits, as many nozzles can additional cost in some be cleared simultaneously, and no inkjet configurations imaging is required. NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately Fabrication simplicity High temperatures and pressures are Hewlett Packard nickel fabricated from electroformed nickel, required to bond nozzle plate Thermal Inkjet and bonded to the print head chip. Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are ablated No masks required Each hole must be individually formed Canon Bubblejet or drilled by an intense UV laser in a nozzle Can be quite fast Special equipment required 1988 Sercel et al., polymer plate, which is typically a polymer Some control over nozzle Slow where there are many thousands SPIE, Vol. 998 such as polyimide or polysulphone profile is possible of nozzles per print head Excimer Beam Equipment required is May produce thin burrs at exit holes Applications, pp. 76- relatively low cost 83 1993 Watanabe et al., USP 5,208,604 Silicon micro- A separate nozzle plate is High accuracy is attainable Two part construction K. Bean, IEEE machined micromachined from single crystal High cost Transactions on silicon, acid bonded to the print head Requires precision alignment Electron Devices, wafer. Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive Vol. ED-25, No. 10, 1978 pp 1185-1195 Xero 1990 Hawkins et al., USP 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn from No expensive equipment Very small nozzle sizes are difficult to 1970 Zoltan USP capillaries glass tubing. This method has been required form 3,683,212 used for making individual nozzles, Simple to make single Not suited for mass production but is difficult to use for bulk nozzles manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires sacrificial layer under the Silverbrook, EP 0771 surface micro- layer using standard VLSI deposition Monolithic nozzle plate to form the nozzle 658 A2 and related machined techniques. Nozzles are etched in the Low cost chamber patent applications using VLSI nozzle plate using VLSI lithography Existing processes can be Surface may be fragile to the touch IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11, lithographic and etching. used IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20, processes IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, 1J37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch stop High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires long etch times IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, etched in the wafer. Nozzle chambers are Monolithic Requires a support wafer IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13, through etched in the front of the wafer, and Low cost IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19, substrate the wafer is thinned from the back No differential expansion IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods have been tried to No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et plate eliminate the nozzles entirely, to clogged accurately al USP 5,412,413 prevent nozzle clogging. These Crosstalk problems 1993 Hadimioglu et include thermal bubble mechanisms al EUP 550,192 and acoustic lens mechanisms 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572,220 Trough Each drop ejector has a trough Reduced manufacturing Drop firing direction is sensitive to IJ35 through which a paddle moves. complexity wicking. There is no nozzle plate. Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes and No nozzles to become Difficult to control drop position 1989 Saito et al USP instead of replacement by a slit encompassing clogged accurately 4,799,068 individual many actuator positions reduces Crosstalk problems nozzles nozzle clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Edge Ink flow is along the surface of the Simple construction Nozzles limited to edge Canon Bubblejet (‘edge chip, and ink drops are ejected from No silicon etching required High resolution is difficult 1979 Endo et al GB shooter’) the chip edge. Good heat sinking via Fast color printing requires one print patent 2,007,162 substrate head per color Xerox heater-in-pit Mechanically strong 1990 Hawkins et al Ease of chip handing U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of the No bulk silicon etching Maximum ink flow is severely Hewlett-Packard TIJ (‘roof shooter’) chip, and ink drops are ejected from required restricted 1982 Vaught et al U.S. the chip surface, normal to the plane Silicon can make an Pat. No. 4,490,728 of the chip. effective heat sink IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20, Mechanical strength IJ22 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires bulk silicon etching Silverbrook, EP 0771 forward drops are ejected from the front Suitable for pagewidth print 658 A2 and related (‘up shooter’) surface of the chip. High nozzle packing patent applications density therefore low IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 manufacturing cost IJ27-IJ45 Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires wafer thinning IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, reverse drops are ejected from the rear Suitable for pagewidth print Requires special handling during IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, (‘down surface of the chip. High nozzle packing manufacture IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, shooter’) density therefore low IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, manufacturing cost IJ26 Through Ink flow is through the actuator, Suitable for piezoelectric Pagewidth print heads require several Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part of the print heads thousand connections to drive circuits Tektronix hot melt same substrate as the drive Cannot be manufactured in standard piezoelectric ink jets transistors. CMOS fabs Complex assembly required INK TYPE Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying Most existing inkjets contains: water, dye, surfactant, No odor Corrosive All IJ series ink jets humectant, and biocide. Bleeds on paper Silverbrook, EP 0771 Modern ink dyes have high water- May strikethrough 658 A2 and related fastness, light fastness Cockles paper patent applications Aqueous, Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26, pigment contains: water, pigment, surfactant, No odor Corrosive IJ27, IJ30 humectant, and biocide. Reduced bleed Pigment may clog nozzles Silverbrook, EP 0771 Pigments have an advantage in Reduced wicking Pigment may clog actuator 658 A2 and related reduced bleed, wicking and Reduced strikethrough mechanisms patent applications strikethrough. Cockles paper Piezoelectric ink-jets Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent Very fast drying Odorous All IJ series inkjets Ketone (MEK) used for industrial printing on Prints on various substrates Flammable difficult surfaces such as aluminum such as metals and plastics cans. Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series ink Jets (ethanol, 2- where the printer must operate at Operates at sub-freezing Flammable butanol, and temperatures below the freezing temperatures others) point of water. An example of this is Reduced paper cockle in-camera consumer photographic Low cost printing. Phase change The ink is solid at room temperature, No drying time- ink High viscosity Tektronix hot melt (hot melt) and is melted in the print head before instantly freezes on the Printed ink typically has a ‘waxy’ feel piezoelectric ink jets jetting. Hot melt inks are usually print medium Printed pages may ‘block’ 1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. wax based, with a melting point Almost any print medium Ink temperatures may be above No. 4,820,346 around 80° C. After jetting the ink can be used curie point of permanent magnets All IJ series ink jets freezes almost instantly upon No paper cockle occurs Ink heaters consume power contacting the print medium or a No wicking occurs Long warm-up time transfer roller. No bleed occurs No strikethrough occurs Oil Oil based inks are extensively used High solubility medium for High viscosity: this is a significant All IJ series ink jets in offset printing. They have some dyes limitation for use in inkjets, which advantages in improved Does not cockle paper usually require a low viscosity. Some characteristics on paper (especially Does not wick through short chain and multi-branched oils no wicking or cockle). Oil soluble paper have a sufficiently low viscosity. dies and pigments are required. Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, self Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher than water All IJ series ink jets forming emulsion of oil, water, and High dye solubility Cost is slightly higher than water based surfactant. The characteristic drop Water, oil, and amphiphilic ink size is less than 100 nm, and is soluble dies can be used High surfactant concentration required determined by the preferred Can stabilize pigment (around 5%) curvature of the surfactant. suspensions 

What is claimed is:
 1. A recyclable, one-time use, print on demand, camera comprising: an image sensor device for sensing an image; a processing means for processing for processing said sensed image; a supply of print media on to which said sensed image is printed; a page width print head molding including a page width print head for printing said sensed image on said print media, the molding including an ink supple means defining plurality of ink supply chambers in each of which a different color ink is stored to enable full color printing to be effected by said print head and a plurality of print rollers arranged in a path between said supply of print media and said page width print head molding for engaging said print media and driving said print media past said print head, at least certain of said rollers being mounted on a detachable platten device, the platten device being removably received between the print head and the supply of print media.
 2. A camera as claimed in claim 1 wherein said print rollers pinch the print media between them as the print media is fed from said supply to apply a decurling action to said print media.
 3. A camera as claimed in claim 1 which includes a chassis and certain of said print rollers are rotatably received on said chassis.
 4. A camera as claimed in claim 3 wherein two of said print rollers are mounted on the chassis to which said print head molding is also mounted and a third print roller is rotatable mounted on said platten device.
 5. A camera as claimed in claim 4 wherein said third print roller is arranged between the other two print rollers.
 6. A camera as claimed in claim 3 wherein said platten device is snap fitted to said chassis. 